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Liberty

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Liberty is one of the central concepts of political theory. It refers to the condition in which individuals are able to think, speak, act, and make choices without unnecessary interference, while living within a social and political order. Meaning of Liberty In political theory, liberty means the absence of restraints. This word is mostly used by social scientist and philosophers rather than political scientists. Liberty is the end goal of almost all ideologies but different school of thought differs on the point of means and modes of realisation of freedom.  Types of Liberty 1. Negative Liberty Freedom from external interference. Emphasized by John Locke, Isaiah Berlin. Example: Freedom of speech without state censorship. 2. Positive Liberty Freedom to develop one’s potential and capacities. Associated with T.H. Green, Hegel. Example: Right to education enabling individuals to act freely. 3. Civil Liberty Barker talk about Civic Liberty in his book "Principles of Social and Polit...
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M P Follet On Integration

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Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer of modern management theory, introduced “integration” as her most important method for resolving conflict in organizations and social groups. She regarded as a bridge between classical approach and behavioral  human relation of organization. Unlike other contemporary thinkers she viewed organization as a social system and administration as a social process.  M P Follet criticized classical theorist for focused on mechanical approach and ignore socio-psychological dimension of organization.  M P Follet on Conflict  M P Follet believed that conflict is not problem but a part of organization.  We can't ignore conflict and can't imagine an organization without conflict. It is inevitable due to individual differences.  According to Follett it is not a warfare and harmful but a basic problem. It should be resolved in constructive way.  She believed that conflict is natural and can be used creatively if handled properly. Thus sh...
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Powers of Supreme Court

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 Constitution has granted many powers to Supreme Court.  It is not only federal court like America but also a final court of appeal like British House of Lords. It is final interpreter and guardian of Constitution.  Here are the powers of the Supreme Court of India explained in a clear and simple way: 1. Original Jurisdiction (मूल अधिकार क्षेत्र) Supreme Court has exclusive rights on certain types of cases. These include: Disputes between the Centre and State or more States Disputes between two or more States Article 131 of the Indian Constitution grants Original Jurisdiction to Supreme Court to hear and decide Disputes between Union and States or between two or more States.  In these Disputes Supreme Court have Exclusive Original Jurisdiction. It means not other court hear these cases and the power to hear such disputes in the first instance not by the appeals.   Supreme Court doesn't extend their decision in these cases like pre Constitutional treaty, agr...
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Alienation theory of Karl Marx

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Karl Marx ’s concept of alienation came from his early writings. He described this concept as how workers become disconnected from their work, their products, and their own human essence under capitalism .   Marx gave this concept in economic and philosophic manuscript of 1844 . He presented the humanistic view of his work in this writing.  In his early writings he did not analyzed Capitalism as class struggle and antagonism.  He emphasized on the evil effects of Capitalism on Social life. Capitalism leads society into alienation which further result into loss of identity and freedom. According to Marx freedom is not what Capitalist says but freedom from necessity. It means that when all basic needs are fulfilled of men, only then he is free. Real freedom is only possible in communism . In Capitalist society it turned into isolation and disconnected the organic bond between men and society. So this Capitalist society is responsible for alienation of working class ....
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Ideal State of Plato

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Plato’s Ideal State Before know about  Ideal State  we should know about  State . State is not a concrete object but it is a combination individuals who share their ideas, thoughts, norms together and live. State came into existence to protect them so they live good life. According to  Plato  State is nothing but individual's writ large. So Ideal State is hypothetical state in which all individual get perfect life. Plato describes his Ideal State in his famous book “ The Republic .”  Plato gave his ideas in dialectical format. There are some features of Ideal State we pick up from these dialogues:    Division of Society  Plato believed that State is individual's writ large. He emphasized that every individual has three qualities :  Reason ,  Spirit , and  Desire . From these three qualities only one quality dominate person to person. Plato believed people should act according to their dominant quality.  Which has reason th...
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Social Constructivism

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 Social Constructivism is a theoretical approach in IR which argues that the international system is shaped by social interactions, shared ideas, norms, identities, and beliefs—not just by material forces like military power or economic capability. This approach gained attention in the end of  Cold War. Contructivist approach believes that there is no objectivity in this Social and political world. It challenges the dominant neo realist view that international politics is purely driven by power and anarchy. Core Assumption Ideas and norms matter State is not a concrete object , it is group of people who share some ideas, culture and follow same type of norms. Social Constructivist believes that these ideas and norms make state behavior.  It is not International structure which is responsible for State behavior but their ideologies which force them to behave like that. Identities shape interests People's beliefs and Assumption become particularly significant when they wide...
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John Locke Social Contract

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  John Locke (1632–1704) was an English philosopher. His political writings inspire many liberal thinkers. He was the first thinker of his time who stand against absolutism and underlay the outline of modern constitutionalism.  His political thoughts like natural rights, freedom, Consent, religious tolerance,  right to revolution, limited government etc has played a crucial role to the development of western democracies.  Ideas on Social Contract  On Locke’s 'Two Treaties On Government' he wrote about Social Contract.  In first he criticize the Political Thought of Sir Robert Filmer (1588-1653) who support absolutism with patriarchal nature very strongly.  He rejects Filmer's thought about devine rights of king.  Human Nature   Unlike Thomas Hobbies(1588-1679) Locke believe in human nature as a blank state ( tabula rasa) with no ideas. He has only reason and cooperative behavior to survive. He believed that at the time of born mind is empty. ...
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