Political Science in Simple way

Socialism is an economic and political system in which the means of production—such as factories , industries , and resources —are owned and controlled by the state or the community as a whole. The main goal of socialism is to reduce inequality and ensure that wealth and resources are distributed fairly among all people. The Oxford English Dictionary defines Socialism as 'a theory or policy that aims at or advocates the ownership or control of the means of production - capital , land , property , etc. - by the community as a whole and their administration in the interests of all'. Under socialism, the government plays a major role in planning and managing the economy to meet the needs of everyone. It emphasizes cooperation over competition and focuses on public welfare , social justice , and equal opportunities . Here are the main features of socialism: 1. Collective Ownership – The first and basic feature of socialism is Collective ownership. The means of production s...

  LIBERALISM   Liberal means who believe in freedom of individual and try to give space to individual that he can think, research, freedom of choice etc. A liberal individual is open minded who can give space to other’s thought also.   LIBERTARIANISM Libertarianism is a political philosophy which define individual’s freedom into political sphere.   1) GOVERNMENT Liberal  – Liberal believe that there should be freedom for individual in state. Positive liberal gives the concept of welfare state which can protect individual. It should be centralized liberal don’t have any problem to state but it should be welfare state Libertarian  – Libertarian believe in decentralization of power in local bodies. They are in favor of freedom of individual which will possible in only decentralized state.   2) DEMOCRACY Liberal  – Their focus is only on individual’s freedom. They are satisfied with representative or elected democracy. In this ...

  Political Theory helps us to better understand the concepts which shaped our political system. Before knowing Political Theory, we should have idea about what is Theory.   THEORY Merriam Wbester Dictionary defines a Theory as “an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be true”. It is a rational enterprise which draws conclusion based on reasons. Theories are contextual because they change with time, places and persons. Theory can’t be objective totally because it is human nature to become subjective in many terms. It is always based on assumption but these assumptions are followed by reasons.   POLITICAL THEORY The term Political Theory sometime interchangeable with other terms like ‘political thought’, ‘political philosophy’, political ideology etc. But it is different from these terms. Political Theory is a body of systematic knowledge related...

  The first step in understanding how any government actually works is to identify its Ruling Elite. The Ruling Elites in any country may be said to comprise 1.      Those persons in the political system who have significant decision-making authority. 2.      Leading persons in the opposition who may be expected to gain decision making power in the future or who are currently able to influence policy making in a negative way 3.      Persons who have hold positions of authority in the system with an active interest in politics and have directly or indirectly influence on any current policy making. In the broadest sense the ruling elite includes the social strata from which most persons are recruited for political leadership. Ruling Elites   Traditional Elites Traditionally the ruling elite comes from certain functional classes in the society: ·        The Military Civil...

  Democracy or Authoritarianism Many political thinkers accepts that Democracy is the best form of government. Maximum nations in the world try to become democratic country because this form of government give rights to individual. But many events happened in this international system that defined this Democracy as Authoritarian rule. In democratic countries individual suffers and fight for his rights. Although democracy emphasis on individual liberty. There are some causes for this happening: POPULATION   Increasing population is the main reason behind it. It became more and more difficult for government to create direct democracy in nations it's impossible to have maximum participation of this huge population. CRIMES increasing crimes is also responsible for this. Democracy main essence is to provide rights to its citizens. Freedom is main right in this. But it encourages crimes also. Criminals take advantages of this freedom so government make laws to avoid these ...

  Federalism is system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the state. Federation has two level of government. One is the government for entire nations which based on national interest and other is on provinces level of government that look after administering of their province or state. Both these levels of government enjoy their power independent. Federation is different from unitary system. Under unitary system there is only one central government who enjoy their power independently. The central government can pass orders to the provincial or the local government. But in federal government central government can’t order the state government to do something. State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government. Both these government are separately answerable to the people.   ADVANTAGES OF FEDERALISM     DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER First and most im...

  LIBERALISM Liberalism is political doctrine that protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual. The main point of liberalist is individual. They believe in their freedom. The government is necessary to protect individual but also a threat to liberty because government make many sanctions on individual to govern. Thomas Paine expressed in “Common Sense” Government as a necessary evil. Later the concept of welfare state came into existence which believe that state will not only protect individual but also secure its liberty. The chief task of government is to remove obstacles that prevent individuals from living freely. These obstacles include poverty, disease discrimination and ignorance.   CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBERALISM Equality is the main characteristics of Liberalism. Liberalist believe in the equality among individual. There should not be any discrimination on the basis of any cast, colour, religion etc. Each individual should be equal opportunity accordi...